Paraphrasing Frank Zappa [Jazz isn’t dead, it just smells funny] should give you an idea that I don’t take myself too seriously, even if I sometimes have strong opinions. My last post kinda took a detour into EMCOMM issues, and I stand by those comments.
But EMCOMM is a valuable resource bot for hams and the general public. I do think the technology needs a refresh. I do think hams in general are using tech that is outdated or incompatible with modern emergency communication systems. But that doesn’t mean I think the EMCOMM ops out there are wasting their time.
I will keep thinking about these issues along with other RF tech that I am interested in. Expanding and modernizing our operating scope should be part of radio tech education, spectrum defense, software development, user networking, and more. With the current threats to HF spectrum in particular these tech issues become more important. Ask your friends at the ARRL, or professionals in the commercial radio industry. It will only get harder to defend our generous spectrum allocations as our tech ages out and we fail to add value to the amateur radio service with technical innovation.
With hurricane season bearing down on the western Atlantic it’s a good time to think about what kinds of tech, or integration of existing tech, would provide a real benefit to our communities. I’ll be doing that. Chime in with any suggestions or ideas you have.
This is a quick hitter post but it something I think about often.
PLACE FOOT ON RAKE
Let’s take FM repeaters. The things we perceive as gateway systems for anyone with a HT, or for the local version of HF low-band nets. We have repeaters. The frequency pairs, tones, and networking are a mystery. We also have APRS which is great at squawking out test strings. Why are repeaters not squawking their pertinent info in a standardized format, which any modern radio has the computing horsepower to convert to a memory channel or VFO setting?
We are still using keypad menus that make a 1998 Nokia Stickphone look like a test case in great UI design. Ask most hams (this is an opinion) and they will tell you that identifying repeaters, programming repeaters, and determining where they are is a pain in the butt if not impossible.
So we have the tech but we have not integrated it. The same thing can be said for most DV systems. Hotspots, radio software, digital repeaters… all pretty much adrift. If you have great D-STAR repeaters and the right rig maybe it works for you. Otherwise forget it. You kinda use the same few rooms with your hotspot. Mostly over an internet connection… Not exactly robust. Yeah you are communicating with your micro-repeater hotspot. Technically radio but your RF contact is measured in feet. Keep telling yourself it is ham radio. Try not thinking about how that hotspot could be operating on GMRS just as easily. You’ll just get upset.
Most ham radio software is either DOS-era or WEB-0.5 era, with bad interfaces and bad hardware support. We are still tying much of your hardware interface tech to RS-232 standards. In the main we are more of a LARP or SCA hobby today than a cutting edge technical pursuit. And it is a foundation that is crumbling beneath our feet.
But what about emergency communications, you say?
With the recent questions about why Amateur Radio hasn’t played a bigger role in natural disasters like the recent (Summer 2023) Maui wildfires and such, one answer might be that our tech sucks. Half-duplex systems with little if no interconnection with public safety systems are not particularly useful in an emergency. DV repeaters and APRS are not particularly useful in an emergency if their use isn’t backed with a lot of training, coordination and the proper equipment. If I was in a wildfire and had to rely on sending messages from the keypad of my FT3D I would become a briquette before figuring out that trash interface.
And I have been into radio for about 50 years and a ham for over 30. I’m convinced that we don’t really have a useful communication network. Those Vietnam era phone patch days predate global satellite networks by 30 years. Nobody wants to go back there. We are not trained or equipped to integrate with public emergency services.
So what does that leave? Chatting about our medical situation, contesting, grid-chasing, political ranting over DV networks, pushing modes like RTTY as current when they are antiquated… You like RTTY? Great. Me too. But as a community we need to be honest about the impact nostalgia is having on the long term prospects for the bulk of our amateur radio hobby/service. Nobody is whipping out a RTTY system in an emergency. I’ll leave it at that.
As I said, a quick-hit post but I’ll close by saying we don’t need to eliminate any old tech. But, we do need an infusion of new, useful, integrated tech that will carry forward for another 100 years.
[editor’s cheap shot: From the constant stream of hams I see on internet forums and social media who can’t figure out a sound card interface I understand that I am typing this into the vacuum of space. Thanks for sticking with it. 73]
Much like my interest in radio I’ve been playing musical instruments almost my entire life. We just used to be somewhat obsessed over the guitars, keyboards, amplifiers and eventually software that we saw on stage (on air) and in magazines. Eventually that got its own acronym G.A.S. for Gear Acquisition Syndrome. What I learned from years of horse-trading equipment via selling, buying, swapping, upgrading, downgrading… is that at some point I was very happy with my equipment and changing it around was a distraction. I play electric bass and usually am playing one of the four basses I own to the exclusion of the others. It might be a holdover from the many years when I had one bass, one amp, and not much else. Honestly I am a relentless pragmatist and mostly look for a piece of gear with certain capabilities. There have been… exceptions. Nuff Said.
It has become the same thing with ham radio equipment. I moved around between many different radios and antennas in my first 10 years of ham radio operating. Mostly it was a need for a specific capability, like UHF all mode, or QRP HF with great CW chops. It was messy, and most of that gear is gone, but I learned a lot about what I do and do not like. I do still buy and sell things, but in the main I use the same gear for a long time. Time in the hobby helps you think “into the future” a bit and you can identify gear that will be junk soon, is junk now, is highly functional junk (heck yeah), or is the real deal. Spending time at hamfests is like a crash course. When I was an organizer for a small hamfest in Connecticut I was perusing somegrar at a table and one of the club “Elmers” buttonholed me and said “That rig was junk when it was new, and it hasn’t gotten any better. Talk to me later, but don’t buy it!” And we lear to sepeate the good from the bad (for our particular needs). There are radios that have very long useful lifespans (The FT-817/818, for example. The cockroach of the ham radio world.) and others that either have not or probably won’t.
Warning: The G.A.S. Monster is devious and does not sleep! Even as I started devoting more and more time to satellite operation I had resisted selling my FT-991A. It is a great radio. The ICOM IC-9700 is the only in-production V/U all mode with full duplex capability. That’s rare. There is usually competition in any given product segment. QRP radios, HTs, 100W entry level, Contest-focused rigs, HF linear amplifiers… There are choices. Not so in satellite ground station equipment. As I said in the last post, “One rig. That’s the list”. Meanwhile I am using my FT-817/IC-705 portable rig with a handheld antenna for all my sat work except for simplex digipeaters like Greencube/IO-117. I don’t know if I will ever put up a computer controlled alt-az antenna mount, preamps, etc… but I am interested in the capability. It was only a matter of time until I would decide to cut bait and obtain an IC-9700. May 2023 was that time.
After a short flurry of sales activity on QRZ.com I had moved my Yaesu FT-991A and backup FT-817ND on to new loving homes, and had squirreled enough cash to blunt the not insignificant cash crater the purchase of a new IC-9700 would create. It’s the only game in town. There are no sales, incentives, or promotions worth mentioning. You want it, they have it, and if you don’t buy it someone else will. That, friends, is Scarcity Economics in action. So on to my preferred enablers at DX Engineering I went and plunked down the plastic for a IC-9700, a headset adapter, and the Icom/Electret variant of the dynamic-mic Heil Sound Proset 6 that I use on my portable rig (FT-817 is my uplink rig). The Pro-7 would give me better isolation, but I will take a lighter headset with some bleed when operating out in public. I can hear someone walking by or asking a question. That’s not a bad thing.
It arrived quickly since DX Engineering is the king of getting the gear to your doorstep, pronto. First reaction: It’s a beautiful radio! I already had most of the power cabling I needed, along with N-Connector adapters, and it didn’t take me long to connect it to a dummy load and run through some menus. As I expected I felt right at home in the menu system. It is very similar to the IC-705. I also quickly noticed that the front panel is a bit cramped. Most modern radios have the same issue but I was thinking about using this radio outdoors, portable, and hitting the wrong control is something that just happens (foreshadowing).
Some of the questions I had about operating this radio would only be answered through use. I have picked the brains of some very helpful satellite operators, and scoured the web for videos, but nothing gave me a clear idea of how this thing worked in comparison to my FT-817/IC-705 satellite rig. I am fully manual with that setup, tuning the uplink rig (817) and the downlink rig (705) separately. The waterfall display on the 705 makes finding myself on the downlink easy with little need for a cheat sheet. I know the transponder ranges and centers, and get within a few KHz right away. QSY is as easy as tuning the RX, having an idea of how far away I moved, then adjusting the TX the same amount (in reverse on a sat like RS-44. RX up 3, TX down 3…).
The IC-9700 is different. It has a dual-VFO split mode and you can A/B between the two VFOs with dedicated touch screen buttons, using the main tuning knob to adjust each VFO one at a time. There is no sub-VFO control. There is RIT, but I am still not a fan of RIT for satellite work. My OCD tells me to just tune it correctly. I also won’t forget my RIT setting is on and waste time trying to figure out why I am out of band! That is similar to running two radios, but you only have one VFO knob.
Then there is SAT mode. I figured this would be the “killer app” for tracking frequency on sats. You can activate either VFO, and there is a NOR (normal)/REV (reverse) button between the VFO buttons on the touch display. Sweet! (Reverse is where the input of the transponder and the output are reversed. The bottom of the uplink puts you on the top of the downlink, and as you tune the uplink higher your signal on the downlink tracks lower, and v-v)
IC-9700 in a modified LowePro sling bag Rear Panel Access
I still use a handheld Arrow II antenna so operating sitting down is not a great option. Much like I did with my camera bag holster for the 817/705 rig I turned a LowePro sling bag that I had bought for a full-sized DSLR kit (and the bag was not great for that) and carved it up to allow me to wear the IC-9700. A Speedy-Stitcher made it easy to neaten up the cutouts I made for the rear connector access. I had to punch a hole through the side of the top compartment to snake the power lead out to the radio. Done. It worked and the rig only feels heavy, not unbearable. I hooked it up and went out to try a RS-44 pass. That’s a bird I am very comfortable on.
I put the radio into SAT mode, set the VFOs, and off I went.
Me and my Arrow
Let’s just say it did not go well. I’m going to bullet list the things I tripped over because I think it will make it easier to convey:
Seeing the display in sunlight is very difficult. I will need t make a shade to use this reliably in this configuration.
Changing between VFOs is not as intuitive as I expected, and not hitting the NOR/REV pad by mistake is even harder.
If you press on one of the frequency displays the frequency is highlighted making it easier to see, but that does not select the VFO for tuning.
If you use the VFO Select pads you can select the correct VFO, but it doesn’t highlight the associated VFO display. There is also that NOR/REV button waiting for you to step on it like Sideshow Bob on a rake. So switching VFOs and being able to see the display in daylight is a two-press and check the status of the NOR/REV before proceeding. Every time.
Then there is VFO synchronization where neither VFO is selected and NOR/REV tells the rig how to sync the VFOs. Yes, it works. But as you QSY the tracking isn’t great and once you have the RX on frequency you now have to retune the TX VFO (or v-v) to get yourself back on frequency. So it works, but not well enough to just retune and hit the PTT.
Admittedly I made it hard on myself by not doing more than a quick dry run before trying to make contacts with this radio. But I hope I am making the point that while the radio is a fantastic performer it seems more at home in a shack than hung around my neck. At the very least it will take practice to get to the point where manual operation is as intuitive as a dual-rig setup.
My next mission was to get active on Greencube/IO-117. This turned out to be much more straightforward. Because the IC-9700 presents two virtual COM ports over USB I was able to run CI-V control on one and trigger PTT with the other. I use SATPC32ISS for the CI-V (CAT) control, and UZ7HO Soundmodem controls the PTT by directly addressing the higher-numbered of the two ports. I was able to get rid of the VSPE Virtual Port Splitter app I was using, and SATPC32ISS instead of HRD/HRD Satellite. That’s three open apps as compared to five which is a better place to be in the field when things inevitably go wrong.
Greencube Portable Setup
It was as easy as the previous attempt was difficult. Using the same 70cm WIMO X-Quad I used with the 991A I was hitting IO-117 easily at 25w and made a few contacts immediately. Then “Greencube Hell” broke out and I wasn’t able to break in over the big signals is Europe and Russia. But it wasn’t due to a problem on my end. SUCCESS!
After a few tries I was able to make SSB and FM LEO contacts with the IC-9700 in my portable setup. I was still getting tripped up a bit, but having the sats in memory banks and being able to switch between them that easily is very cool. I am still occasionally hitting NOR/REV by mistake and my next step is to just run it in dual-VFO Split Mode and see if that is easier. I think it will be.
The performance of this radio is superb. Compared to the Yaesu FT-991A the receive sounds more sensitive and cleaner on weak signals. The 991A has a very good receiver, but there is something more “contrasty” about the RX on the 9700. The TX audio is levels above the TX audio on my FT-817ND. It is much punchier and clearer. You can pretty much tell a 9700 on the birds once you have used one. That is not a small detail when trying to make difficult contacts. Neither is the ability to dial up a few more watts when needed.
One last thing before I close this and start thinking about Part 3:
Even though the IC-9700 looks very much like the IC-7300 and IC-705 it is an older design and does not have features like Bluetooth Audio that I use all the time on the IC-705. Even if it was available I wouldn’t be surprised if it was left out to have one less RF source causing problems inside the IC-9700 chassis. It doesn’t feel as “fresh” as the IC-705 but maybe that is because I have a few years of 705 operation to rely on.
Nobody has ever said the IC-9700 is a “field radio”. It is meant for the shack and if you take it into the wild there will be compromises. Little buttons, crowded display, not designed for cold fingers or no-look operation… But once it hooks up on a satellite it doesn’t matter. If we have only one choice in this category I am glad it is the IC-9700.
Here’s the deal on not having the Yaesu FT-991A in my shack. I could easily see myself owning one again. It is a lot of radio for the dollar, epecially at the prices on the used market. As I have said on this blog, many people complain about the menus but how much time do you spend in the menus? The quick access menu takes care of day to day adjustments. I only had to go into the full menu to make major changes for data modes or filter ranges. The actual radio (not the feature set, the radio) is brilliant. It is a standout 100W HF rig with a great receiver, great on 6M, and the V/U performance is very usable. It isn’t a V/U thoroughbred like the 9700, but for most weak signal operation it is very good. I don’t work a lot of QRO HF, especially since getting set up for satellites, but I will miss a 100W HF rig at some point. The bigger miss is 6M. I like working 6M and this is a bad time of year to be without a 6M radio. My plan is to pick up a Yaesu FT-891 eventually and fill that void and have a portable QRO HF option.. Until then 10W on the IC-705 has been a good HF setup for me since I bought it, and it is still a great choice.
2023 marks 30 years of being a licensed ham and over that time I have owned a range of brands and types of radios, built QRP kits, built antennas… the usual stuff. I started out with a Ten Tec Triton IV, dial cord tuning, and that was a great rig. Excellent receiver, excellent QSK, great company. I ran a TT Scout for mobile HF and that was a fun radio. I liked the simplicity and the analog performance of those radios and can say I started off in ham radio as a “Ten Tec Guy”.
Ten Tec 540 Triton IV w/ Analog Tuning
But… I also have a “early adopter” streak, so I also bought an original Icom IC-706, then traded up to a MKII G when it came out. It was like buying a rig from the future! It may have been because the MKIIG is still a very good radio over 25 years later! Icom was ahead of the pack with the size and the feature set. The bleeding edge can be a good corner to hang out on.
Later on my VHF Rover activities gave me a chance to use various Kenwood, Icom and Yaesu radios. They all had pros and cons. They all made plenty of contacts. Over the years I have owned a few of each, but on balance you could call me a “Yaesu Guy”. Yaesu vs Icom reminds me of Nikon vs Canon cameras. Yaesu is more like a Nikon, making great performing gear but holding on to a set of features and specs well past their due date. Icom is to me an equivalent to Canon. Canon always felt a little more flashy, more modern and easier to use, and Nikon was more old-school tried and true. Maybe Ten Tec was my Olympus, because I was a Olympus guy, who eventually became a Nikon guy, who became an Olympus guy again. It’s complicated! Like this analogy.
A few years ago, after a bit of a layoff from ham radio, I had almost no gear left, and some accessories and a few HTs were all I had in my “shack”. I bought a Xiegu G-90 which is a very good radio, and a lot of fun, and it got me back on the air and active again. I also purchased a Yaesu FT-817ND because I have owned several before and I feel kinda “naked” without one. When I decided to get a 100W HF rig a few years back I realized that I needed VHF/UHF as well and the Yaesu FT-991A was the obvious choice. It covered VHF and UHF with some power, has a great receiver, and it has built in audio and and CAT over USB. After buying it I felt like I might have underestimated it. It is a better rig than I expected it to be. I have made loads of contacts with it. It is a 3-band VHF Rover rig, out of the box. I worked SSB, CW, RTTY, FT8, and other digimodes with ease. It’s also an excellent general coverage receiver and I did a lot of SWL with it.
But a funny thing happened when Icom came out with the IC-705. The early adopter in me was back in charge. I bought one soon after it was released and I have been blown away by that radio. It has done everything the 991A has done, and more, with the trade off of less power against less weight. I used it for POTA, travel operation, mobile use, and then as half of my portable LEO satellite station. The 705 has been my downlink rig since I started satellite operation, and it is a joy to operate in that role.
Icom IC-705
You can see where this is going. Right now Yaesu is making a great line of HF radios, with several new models over the past five years, but the 991A is their only V/U All Mode, and there are no indications of anything new coming any time soon. The 991A is similar to the FT-817/818 in that it is an older design and the clock is ticking. Just this year Yaesu killed off the 817/817 line and Yaesu has not indicated that it will replace that radio. Meanwhile, the IC-705 showed me a better interface, better menus, and in many ways better performance in a very compact package. Certainly it is more convenient than the 991A and a technological leap beyond the Yaesu FT-817/818.
In fact, I like the 705 so much that the 991A started to look like it might need a new owner. Between satellite operation and QRP the 991A wasn’t getting as much use. I never worried about the performance. It performs very well. Even the menu system isn’t that bad. It just isn’t great. And while it is a very good option for satellites like Greencube/IO-117 it isn’t full duplex and there is only one full duplex VHF/UHF All Mode currently in production, and it’s the Yaesu IC-9700. It might seem cliché for a sat op to run one but if you want the best satellite rig you can buy new the list is one rig long.
So it happened… I sold both a backup Yaesu FT-817ND and the FT-991A and am now yet another sat op with a IC-9700! I have some immediate reactions from the first few days of ownership and I will cover them in the next post. Spoiler: Both the 991A and the 9700 are very good radios. They are also very different radios. And that’s a good thing.
In which I take N1QDQ international as N1QDQ/VE2 in eastern Quebec
Over the past 15 years I have made many trips into eastern Canada, and most of those trips have focused on the Gaspe Peninsula. It is a lightly populated region with amazing culture, friendly people, great food, and stunning natural beauty. The peninsula is bounded by the St. Lawrence River on the north coast, the Baie des Chaleurs on the south coast, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the eastern end. The region is heavily francophone, and their dialect can be tough to understand even for other Quebecois. For me with my limited vocabulary, tin ear, and brutal American accent it is pretty much impossible. But on the other hand most Gaspesians will use whatever English they have to stop me from assaulting their language. When it comes to road signs, menus, basic written French… I can get by comfortably.
As a satellite radio operator the attraction of the Gaspe is how few stations have contacted the region. Hams use a geographic system called the Maidenhead Grid Locator which organizes the planet by grids 2-degrees wide and 1-degree tall. In Rhode Island the whole state is in a Grid called FN41. The next grid square north is FN42, and the grid square to the east is FN51. Here’s an example:
Maidenhead Grids – I live in FN41 in the bottom left of the image
Hams collect contacts with these grid squares in a philately-like quest. Some grid squares are lousy with satellite operators. Even one or two active operators can make enough contacts to make that grid square commonplace. Other regions, and the Gaspe certainly fits this bill, have no operators at all. If you want a contact with that grid square then someone has to go there and “activate” it. That activity is called “roving”, and it is similar to the portable VHF contest activity I have done previously (also called a Rover station).
With all of the travel restrictions over the COVID era I have not been there since the fall of 2019. My good friend Philippe lives there and we have both missed our time visiting either here in New England or there in Quebec. This put two trips I wanted to take in play as one single trip. A satellite rove to the Gaspe and time to spend with good friends in a great region of the world. Matane, Quebec is about 750 miles and 11-12 hours from my home in southern Rhode Island. My preferred route is to avoid Boston traffic and drive straight up US Interstate 91 through Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont, then to Drummondville, QC where the Trans-Canada Route 20 takes me 7 hours east to the Gaspe. The first goal is to get past Springfield, MA where the traffic calms down and the drive up the scenic Connecticut River Valley begins. Once across the Canadian border the terrain flattens and the English-speaking FM radio stations fade into the distance. Turning east at Drummondville, QC puts me on a not too pretty stretch of road that changes dramatically once I have passed Quebec City. From there it is a parkway through rolling farms, the St. Lawrence River, with the last gasp of the Appalachian Range ahead.
The Gaspe Peninsula
With all that preamble done, here is the radio stuff you probably came here for:
The Plan:
I brought equipment to work both Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and the Greencube/IO-117 Mid Earth Orbit (MEO) digipeater satellite. The LEO rig is a Yaesu FT-817ND for the uplink and an ICOM IC-705 for the downlink. I use Micro-circuits filters on both antenna feeds, and an Arrow II dual band antenna. It is powered by a homebrew LiFePO4 battery pack and is easy to take on a short walk or easy hike. The main satellites I was interested in were RS-44, AO-7, SO-50, and the ISS.
LEO operation above the St. Laurent in Matane, QC
My MEO setup is not so portable. My newly acquired ICOM IC-9700, a 20Ah Bioenno LiFePO4 battery, my Dell Ultrabook, a WIMO 435MHz X-Quad, and a very brawny and old Gitzo photo tripod.
My MEO/Greencube setup in use at Ninigret Park, Rhode Island
These trips are easiest for me if I get a very early start, and on this trip it was wheels-up at 5:00AM. Once I made it to White River Junction, VT I stopped for a break and checked the satellite schedule. I saw a decent RS-44 opportunity at about 9:30 AM EST / 1330 UTC. Here is a good example of the challenge a big trip like this posed to me: How much time am I burning to work a satellite pass when it is part of a 12-hour drive? When I saw a pass that had good elevation, or was in part of the sky I expected to see clearly, the plan was to look for a spot starting about 10 minutes before AOS. I would simply keep driving if I ended up in some gorge, or blocked off by a mountain range.
First Stop: RS-44 from FN34wa near Norwich, Vermont.
Roadside rest stop in Vermont
This is a roadside rest area and while it wasn’t amazing the pass was high enough to clear the short ridge to the west. I made 11 contacts and the site was fairly quiet. I was concerned about how much RF noise I would encounter at an interstate roadside. This one wasn’t bad even with traffic on the highway and the tractor-trailer that pulled in a parked right in front of me. Of course I was in rural Vermont and not on I-95 in the RF hellscape of Fairfield County, CT.
Second Stop: IO-117/Greencube from FN45al near Sherbrooke, QC.
Roadside operating location in Sherbrooke, QC
There is a grid intersection in Sherbrooke where the Rt. 55 briefly loops from FN35 into FN45, but none of the gridline locations looked safe. I pulled off an exit and found a safe roadside spot in FN45 with a good view of the pass. It was also near the entrance to some kind of gravel/crusher operation because dump trucks full of that stuff kept rolling past. It was hot, dusty, and dry. But, I did put another 11 contacts into the log.
Here’s my Greencube rant: I could have made many more contacts if it weren’t for the “ham radio stylings” of several operators. On a digipeater you are trying to get the sat to hear you, the retransmit your message. It is simplex, meaning it alternately receives or transmits on a single frequency. If you see your message come back then most of the other operators also saw your message. Job done. Or it should be. Several of the stations that kept calling me multiple times within each minute were taking the slots I needed to reply. Having one station doing that makes it hard to reply, and a few stations doing that made it impossible. These same stations were calling me, and THEN calling CQ in the next frame! EVERYONE SAW YOUR CALL. Why ask for more congestion when you are trying to make a contact? Also, the pass put the bird over Europe for the last half. These big-gun Europe and Russia stations have the sat at a very high elevation. I’m on a roadside running 25W off a battery and manually trying to keep the antenna pointed at the bird as it is at 20 degrees elevation and descending. My range to the satellite is at least twice what theirs is. And they keep big-footing the digipeater. I won’t go on, but I will say this about Greencube: Less Calling Equals More Contacts.
As much as some ops have turned this bird into a cesspool of terrible operating practices, ahem, I was looking forward to using the huge footprint to contact hams in Japan, and South America, and the Middle East… Sadly there was a technical problem and Greencube stopped operating its digipeater just after this stop. It was inactive throughout my entire trip and would not be active until one week after my return. Good Grief.
Stop #3: RS-44 from FN58oi, Le Bic, Quebec.
Parc Nacional du Bic – Bic, QC
In this case there was an eastern pass of RS-44 and I was passing one of the few stretches of the road where hills block the north and east. It looked like I might have to skip it but I was pretty sure the entrance to the SEPAQ park in Bic might have a view across the bay to the east/northeast. The question was if I would get there in time. I did, and it did. Again, 11 contacts! It had some power line QRM and the southeast part of the pass was blocked off by hills. After this is was time to pack up and finish the drive to Matane.
La Baleine has welcomed visitors to Matane for over 50 years!
I consider Matane the gateway between the Bas Saint Laurent (Lower St. Lawrence) region and the Gaspe-Peninsula proper. My perception is mostly about geography. Matane is the first of a long string of towns which sprung up where a river meets the sea. These were natural places for fishing, logging, transportation, and general commerce. The Matane river is a major salmon fishing destination and tourism hub, but is also a sleepy town with a few hotels and a nice centerville. Even if you just stop at La Fabrique microbrewery and gastropub it is worth it, but definitely take a walk by the river and see the port area.
On my first day I experienced a trademark weather switcheroo. We went for an early afternoon hike in the interior above Rimouski and had at least 90F/35C and full sun. As soon as we headed back to the coast the view over the St. Lawrence River greeted us with a line of storms coming straight across from the north. Within hours the temperatures had dropped into the low 40F range and were still dropping. That weather even set the stage for a cold and wet visit.
Riviere Rimouski – Portes de l”Enfer Canyon
In Matane I scouted out an elevated spot above the Old Harbor which was good for seeing that big north horizon. The cold wind was a challenge which would continue for the most active part of the trip. This location in FN68 was my most productive as it was less than 10 minutes from the apartment and had parking spaces and a picnic table. Sometimes you take the easy spot and run with it. This was one of those times.
A colder, wetter, me above the Old Port in Matane, QC
With Greencube out of the picture I focused on RS-44, and looked out for AO-7 and ISS passes. The Matane stop was a good chance to recharge from the drive, and with the weather turning bad I wasn’t as active as I planned to be. Even with that I was sticking to my goal to move up the coast and activate FN69, FN79, and FN78. That drive just happens to be one of the most dramatic tours in Quebec. Even with the bad weather it was going to be a good drive.
Finding public spots to make satellite contacts on the coastline can be a challenge as the road does not have many safe pull offs. With the SW-NE angle of the coastline it can be tough to find a clean look to the E-SE and SW looks are even rarer. Many of the passes I worked were partials. I could see the first half or the last half of the pass, but not both. Better than nothing! Narrowing down potential passes was straightforward. I looked for good direction, good/workable elevation, and good timing.
Early the next morning I headed out to work two RS-44 passes in Matane, returning to warm up between passes. Then it was time to pack the car and start the trip to Riviere au Renard on the eastern tip of the Gaspe.
An operating location in Grosses-Roches, QCI made a few contacts from the Phare at La Martre, QC
I have been close but never actually visited Riviere au Renard before so all I had to go on was Google Earth and some photos from the web. I was excited to operate from here because the FN78/79 grid intersection runs right through the fishing port, and Google Earth made it look like the parking lot at the Auberge Caribou was on the gridline. I’d be having a comfortable activation and noshing on a chicken wing before sliding into my warm bed! Or so I thought.
This was a LIE! The Maidenhead overlay I use in Google Earth is deeply flawed. While it shows the gridline in an easy spot it turned out to be slightly south of here. This miscue is also on me because the Lat/Long display in GE actually shows me that this displayed line is slightly north of the true line. NEVER TAKE EASY INFO AT FACE VALUE.
The actual Gridline is HERE:
Here’s the thing: I am very sensitive to property issues and avoid trespassing whenever I can. While wearing headphones, carrying two radios in a sling bag, and pointing an antenna, I’m even more sensitive. You never know what kind of reaction you will get from a homeowner even if you aren’t on their property (or are you?). The beach on the east side of the 132 is where I should have gone. BUT, long drives in bad weather combined with a focus on where I thought the line should be gave me a kind of tunnel vision. I walked out onto the seawall and kept going until I hit the gridline. This was stupid. I have spent a lifetime rock hopping on seawalls here in southern New England. It’s not like I had no idea what I was doing. But, this thing was a beast. It had much more in common (difficulty wise) with an alpine scree slope than a Rhode Island “breachway”.
I even missed the first part of the RS-44 pass while I slowly made progress until my iPhone GPS showed both FN79 and FN78. I finally got to the spot and I made a few RS-44 contacts. Then I saw an overhead ISS pass was starting right after RS-44. I’m there already. I’m cold. I’m wet. But I’m there. Why not! I’m so fried that even an FM sat looks like an oasis!
And that’s when I worked astronaut @Astro_Woody Hoburg, operating as NA1SS on the International Space Station. To say it was surreal is an understatement. I was wet and freezing and trying my hardest to dodge the big splotches of seagull excrement that surrounded me. And then I’m talking to an astronaut. And then I’m not. And then I have to retrace my steps back to the shore. That is where the satellite portion of the evening ended. The next RS-44 pass was not going to happen. I needed to shower, eat, sleep…
By the way, Au Frontibus microbrewery is the hot setup in Riviere au Renard. Relaxing, hot fresh food, and good beverages no matter your tastes. Even the soda selection is very good. Auberge Caribou was a good place to stay but I’d skip the restaurant. There aren’t many choices, but Frontibus turned out to be a better option.
The next morning I had recovered enough and was still waking up very early. That happens to me on some trips, especially with an itinerary. At 0520 local I worked an RS-44 pass from the beach in front of the hotel in FN79. It was back to the hotel room to organize my gear and prepare for load-out. About 90 minutes later I made my way over to the port and worked the next RS-44 pass from a dock in the fishing port in FN78. That’s more like it. No ankle-breakers and bird bombs. The weather was still foul, I was still very cold and exhausted, but at least I wasn’t slipping on seagull poo.
A hot breakfast at the Croque-Faim restaurant, a hot-ish shower, and I was ready to hit the road back to Matane. I think the return trip is somehow even more dramatic than the trip out there. There are sections where you crest a rise in the road and the view is literally breathtaking. The massive St. Lawrence spreading out to the horizon, a tiny church spire on the shore below.
Grande-Valee, QC
Just west of Riviere au Renard is a small one of these crests, and there is a safe pull-off on the north side of the road. I used that spot for several passes, with its open view to the west and north. The photo below shows north but I think it is actually a but more west. The compass in my iPhone was unreliable in many spots. I’ve seen this at Ninigret Park in Rhode Island, an ex military air base with who knows how much ferrous and copper buried beneath the surface. For whatever reason I had a devil of a time getting compass bearings and resorted to maps with fixed north if I had cellular data available.
My operating spot above Petit-Cap, QC
An early pass there was nice and quiet, but the pass I worked on my way out of town was a mess of wall to wall white noise. I am pretty sure someone was welding nearby. It wasn’t crackly or fluctuating. It was just +20 white noise, then off, then on, then off… Just like someone laying down beads with a MIG welder. I still made contacts, and I took the approach of transmitting during the noise. I don’t need to hear myself and it increased the odds of a reply happening during an “off” period.
One very cool characteristic of the Gaspe is the lack of RF interference. In most areas you will hear four FM stations at most, and the cellular comms density is very low. In an area where I would be deafened by broadband noise, solar inverters, bad lighting transformers, etc… it was some of the quietest VHF/UHF conditions I have operated in.
The run back to Matane was still cold, but the sun came out and the Saturday traffic was light. It took me half the time to get back as it took to get out there on a wet Friday.
In the end I made 157 QSOs to 16 countries, contacted 82 separate grids, and activated seven grids (FN34, 45, 58, 68, 69, 78 and 79). This was my first rove and it was a trial by fire. My VHF contesting experience came in handy when managing the pileups and scouting for clear operating locations. The added logistics of finding appropriate pass times and trying to get to the right location at the right time were more difficult. On my outbound trip to Riviere au Renard it took over five hours. My Time-Speed-Distance (TSD) approach was down the drain. The return took three hours. Same deal. It’s either operate on the move, or hunker down. Doing both is a lot to manage.
Another major factor on a long trip like this is fatigue management. My trip from RI to Matane was 14 hours, and about 750 miles, including the three stops for satellite work. That requires some recovery time. I don’t want to have an accident or make a bad decision because I am exhausted. I was also there to visit a friend, so satellite passes were secondary at various times.
My great friend Philippe and I rid the oceans of the dastardly Moule, one Frite at a time!
My return to Rhode Island was an uneventful 12 hours on the road, carrying many great memories and knowing that I have to be OK with how everything worked out. A major satellite in my plan conked out. I was not as fresh as I thought I would be and the cold and wet really took some of the energy out of me. My take-away is that I could have spread out stays over more locations and felt less exhausted and less rushed. But I also know I had a great time and found some kind of balance between satellites, rest and relaxation, and driving. I hope to be back there in a few months and will at least have my LEO setup with me. I hope it happens and I hope to get more of these grids into the logbooks of my fellow satellite operators.
Acknowledgements:
I’d like to thank everyone who supported me with education, information, kind words, and encouragement. John VE1CWJ, Ian K5ZM, John KG4AKV, and Jerry W8LR were huge sources of support as I prepared to leave on this trip. Carsten OZ9AAR, Peter G0ABI, and Peter 2M0SQL were reliable voices as I did my best to activate these grids. The Ham Twitter community at large was massively supportive and I couldn’t have done it without them. Considering that I started working satellites in October 2022 it was a steep learning curve and many hams were there with patience and great information. 73
One thing that long-time satellite ops will tell you is they worked birds that are long out of service, and they had some amazing capabilities. While we can’t bring them back we can try to take full advantage of the sats we have while we have them. Here in the northeastern USA we don’t have many nearby DXCCs. FO-29 and RS-44 are reliable LEOs that put some of Europe in a common footprint with my station, but the limitations are clear. I just don’t have access to many DXCCs from FN41. When I started my path toward working satellites in early 2022 I realized we didn’t have a Mid-Earth Orbit (MEO) or Geostationary (GEO) like QO-100 accessible to North America. So in early 2023, when I heard we might have a MEO bird available to hams, I was very interested.
The newest and highly popular kid on the block is Greencube, aka IO-117, a Mid-Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite with a 435MHz digipeater on board. This is good news because the footprint is huge, allowing access to grids you won’t get on RS-44 or FO-29, as well as Zones and DXCC Entities you won’t get any other way. I am still not in a great spot for those European DXCCs, but I have worked plenty of them now, along with stations in Africa, Japan and China, so it’s working well enough.
One good thing about IO-117 is you do not need a full-duplex radio to communicate with it. It’s a simplex digipeater much like the ARISS FM APRS digipeater. You do need some way to track uplink and downlink doppler independently and this is typically done in split mode. My Yaesu FT-991A is a very good choice for this application. It can put out 50W max on 435Mhz and split mode is no problem as it is a dual-VFO radio.
THE BIG DISCLAIMER: None of the other tutorial pages for this kind of thing worked for me as written. Mine will probably not work for you as written. You will need to know how to configure audio and CAT devices. Your base frequency for doppler correction might be different. Your CAT software might handle doppler correction differently… You should be familiar with the software packages you are using. Be ready to crack a manual. That sort of thing.
Here’s a blow by blow of how I got my Yaesu FT-991A to play nice with the software needed to access IO-117.
The Elements of my IO-117 Station:
Yaesu FT-991A
Windows Laptop
USB Cable w Ferrite Chokes
Ham Radio Deluxe software
UZ7HO Software Modem for Greencube
UZ7HO CAT.dll file in directory with Soundmodem
OZ9AAR Greencube Termimal
Eterlogic Virtual Serial Ports Emulator
The challenge for me is to get my computer to track the uplink and downlink doppler corrections over CAT, while also allowing UZ7HO Soundmodem to access the PTT over that same same CAT port. The VSPE software takes care of that.
What you will definitely need is a good IO-117 entry for your Doppler.sqf file, or a good base frequency for doppler correction. That will tell the software what kind of correction to make and what the rig is expecting. Check HF5L’s FT991 tutorial for more info, but this entry is a good starting point:
My base frequency is around 435.308.7Mhz. You want to adjust this base frequency until the IO-117 downlink signal is centered at 1500Hz in the Soundmodem waterfall. It doesn’t have to be exact, but it has to be close.
In order, my startup routine is:
991A connected and Ports noted in Device Manager
991A in Split Mode
Set up VSPE as Splitter
Yaesu Standard COM Port to an Unused Virtual COM Port Number
Open HRD
Connect to Virtual Port
Open HRD Satellite Module
Select IO-117 pass in HRD Satellite
Open Radio Control, Check Both RX and TX
Open Soundmodem
Open GC Terminal
Open GC Telemetry (be sure to check TCP Client box)
Here’s the VSPE setup. The VSPE Device you want is a Splitter:
My Yaesu Standard COM Port is COM6, and I am choosing COM20 as the Virtual Port. All your apps will now address COM20 with no sharing issues. TIP: Once your configuration works use the SAVE function and put the config file in with your other Greencube stuff. When you start a session just OPEN the saved config file, and Bob, as they say, is your uncle.
At this point the radio should be tracking Doppler shift in both VFOs. Remember that the RX Freq is Plus Doppler Correction and the TX is Freq Minus Doppler Correction. Once the satellite passes the point where the shift is Zero, the sign of the Doppler shift correction changes to negative so you will see RX decreasing and TX increasing. That’s normal.
The Soundmodem and Terminal setup can be a challenge if you aren’t familiar with these packages. I’m not doing a UZ7HO guide, but the communications part goes something like this:
Open UZ7HO for Greencube
Make sure you have the Audio Ports set correctly
Set CAT to Virtual COM port, Select rig, baud, RTS/DTS…
Once you have audio and have confirmed PTT operation…
Open Greencube Terminal
I don’t have a al-az rotator for my antenna so I manually point it at the sat. That’s not a big deal because you don’t have to be too fine, and the apparent motion of the satellite is not too fast. I make maybe seven or eight corrections over the course of 45-60 minutes. Yes, a typical pass lasts an hour or more. Welcome to MEO. It isn’t like frantically chasing CAS-10 across the sky!
I’ll go into the antenna side in a bit, but if you are pointing anywhere near the bird you should hear packets and see something on the Soundmodem waterfall. You want to see the GC downlink signal centered arond 1500hz and the decode “bar” in the waterfall set the same way. You can change your reference frequency in HRD Satellite and see the change in real time. I wouldn’t lean too hard on moving the deode bar or picking a different center frequency. These settings might get you some downlink decodes, but it will mess up your uplink frequency.
At this point you are ready make contacts. There is more on this below, but my advice is to be patient. There are many stations transmitting packets at the satellite. Just try to transmit between downlink transmissions and you will get digipeated eventually. There is a pattern and you will get the hang of it pretty quickly.
Helpful Links:
Greencube Observer – Put in your grid and see which stations are in your possible footprint
FG8OJ Greencube Setup – A comprehensive page about IO-117 from Bert FG8OJ, one of the early GC ops
UZ7HO Main Page – You will get a security warning, it’s not HTTPS, but you want greentnc.zip and ptt-dll.zip
I’m using a 70cm Wimo X-Quad on a heavy Gitzo photo tripod. It isn’t fancy, and it isn’t automated, but it works. I use the very fine iOS app THEODOLITE to set both azimuth and altitude. Until I have the mone-ays (sp. Monet) for an automated alt-az setup it is all armstrong rotation for me.
During the pass I use GoSatWatch on iOS (Sky Mode) to know where the bird is, and Theodolite for iOS for setting the azimuth and altitude of the antenna.
WIMO X-Quad
The X-Quad has parallel horizontal and vertical inputs, and they make a phasing harness for circular polarization. In my naivete I thought RHCP was going to be a set-and-forget decision. That has not been the case. In fact, I am often connecting straight to the horizontal input and that seems to have less fading and better performance. That kinda means I could have bought a yagi with better performance, but the X-Quad is a steal at under $200 and it fits in the back seat of my car. So I’m happy with it and would buy it again.
The X-Quad has a good published pattern but it isn’t so tight that I am chasing the sat around. I typically move the antenna aim-point in 10-degree increments, putting the antenna 5 degrees ahead of the bird, letting the sat cross the antenna’s capture area. In many cases you can widen that out to 15 or even 20 degrees with the antenna 10 degrees ahead.
Predicting IO-117 Passes:
Use your choice of satellite pass prediction application and get used to the times and types of passes you have at your location. For me it is the usual East, Overhead, and West passes, but the western passes appear to cross NW-NE, as opposed to a SW-NW pass like RS-44. This is a good thing as I can often work the last third of that pass down to about 10-degrees toward Europe and Asia. YMMV, but when you put in the time to examine pass orientation and satellite footprint you will make more and further contacts.
SATPC32 is still one of the best apps for analyzing passes in non-real-time. You can plug in a time/date and an interval and see what the footprint will cover during a pass. On Greencube it can be a little disorienting because the footprint is so huge, but it can help plan your operations if you are interested in contacts at the fringes of the coverage. And, trust me, you are.
Here’s a short discussion of IO-117 operating practices:
If you have worked, or more likely attempted to work, the ARISS APRS digipeater then you have an idea of what IO-117 is doing. It is listening, decoding incoming packetized messages, and then retransmitting them, all on the same frequency. Much like FM sats you are essentially fighting capture effect. The strongest stations have the best chance of being digipeated when there are many stations transmitting. You can’t work around that. You will notice a pattern of digipeats, telemetry packets, and gaps where the digipeater is listening. Find your own approach to getting heard.
A good example of where digipeater operating practices fail is when you show up as a new station, or another new station shows up, it becomes a frenzy of QSO requests. If you are the “DX” I suggest just relaxing and working one at a time. It will be difficult because stations will keep calling you even if you are in QSO. It will suck as you try to get digipeated while doing whatever else you need to do (like pointing an antenna or even tuning a VFO). It is frustrating and you probably work half the stations you could (that’s optimistic) because those same stations are clogging up the digipeater even though they have clearly been digipeated several times and everyone knows they are there. Take that knowledge with you when you see a new station. All those “me me me” calls are just making it harder for the DX to make the contacts they are hoping for.
Therefore…
Here’s a short rant regarding IO-117 operating practices:
IO-117 is a flying digipeater, and as such it has very limited bandwidth when it comes to messaging. If you see 20 stations on a pass, most of them are trying to get digipeated. Only one or two will get digipeated on each transmission because Greencube is only digipeating the transmissions it can decode. As well, there is no time synchronization so it is receiving a morass of signals. My rule is to transmit as little as possible, and only CQ when absolutely necessary. This approach reduces the QRM the digipeater has to deal with.
However… There are operators who will send a CQ message every 60 seconds, or even more often. This is simultaneously bizarre, counterproductive, and boorish. If you have worked a FM bird like the ARISS FM Voice Repeater you know this pattern. You hear two stations trying to complete a QSO and another op calls CQ. They can hear that station trying to get a grid confirmed (usually because someone doubled over that station), but they don’t care. A digipeater has the same limitations, and the same bad operating practices. Rise Above.
I have worked a lot of VHF contests and thrown my call around in many DX pileups. As hectic as those situations can be, most stations will back off to let the DX complete a QSO. Not so on Greencube. Everyone just keep calling and calling, unwilling or unable to realize the reason the DX isn’t working ANYONE is they keep “winning” on the uplink, and the DX keeps losing.
As for the ultra-frequent CQ calls it is obviously a way to avoid having to compete in a pileup if a new station appears. The hope is the new station will call the CQ they see before just calling a station they see in QSO. As above, they are taking up digipeater slots that the “DX” needs to get digipeated themselves. Four big-gun stations sending CQ every 60 seconds are monopolizing about a third of the available slots in any given minute. Probably more.
Here’s an actual screengrab from a IO-117 pass. If a weaker station was trying to get digipeated they will have given up at some point.
That’s an extreme example during a quiet pass over South America. But you will see this during crowded conditions.
Rant Mode Off, but I hope it helps at least frame the issue of a limited resource and how easily it can be wasted by bad operating practices. Enjoy, and Best 73. N1QDQ
No apologies to the godfather of soul, James Brown! Maybe my favorite JB quote is about “show business”, and I paraphrase: It isn’t Show Business, Its Show, and Business!
So, on with the show…
When it comes to portable full-duplex stations for linear LEO satellites there are plenty of examples to show you the way. In some form it involves two radios held together in some fashion, and positioned so the operator can manipulate both during a satellite pass. A pair of Yaesu 817/818 radios is the standard rig. You can find them used for under $500 each, and they are very well supported by the aftermarket industry. There are several options for mounting rails that hold both radios in position and make a very solid platform. You can use this setup “naked” hung around your neck on a strap, or slide the setup into a bag that can hold an external battery pack and give the whole shebang more protection from [gestures in all directions].
KB8BMY Living Dangerously
In my case I already owned a Icom IC-705 which I have already crowned the modern classic that changed how we look at amateur radio transceivers and what features we expect. I used it for my first satellite contacts which were a tragicomedic lashup of the 705, a Yaesu FT-991A, an antenna on a tripod, a hand mic, headphones… The crazy part is I have a Heil Pro 6 headset! I was so wrapped around the axle and nervous I didn’t think to use it. That was not a portable setup. It was the opposite of portable. The fact that I made a few contacts on it is a minor miracle, but it did set the hook!
The next step was to find a suitable radio to pair with the IC-705, and the best solution IMO is the FT-817/818. I found a used FT-817ND for about $425 and started looking for a suitable bag to mount them in. I have a few camera bags on hand, and one of them is this KATA 3IN1-20 (discontinued) which was a total fail as a camera bag. The dividers were crap, the top compartment is weird, none of my gear fit in it, but I kept it because it was cheap and I’m a bit of a gear squirrel. These can be found used, and Manfrotto also sold a re-branded version with the same model number. It’s a backpack, but I use it as a sling-bag and it works great like that.
My first attempt to mount the two radios in this bag (see my previous posts for photos) involved some spare camera bag dividers and a bunch of pluck-apart foam. I just sectioned the foam into blocks and use it to support the radios. It was a cheap way to get a useful result without committing to expensive and time-consuming construction. It worked. The bag is not ideal, but it’s as close as I need it to be. The foam had a bit of give which was both good and bad, depending on whether I wanted stability, or the ability to dig my hand into the bag to deal with a loose connection (probably from the slop in the soft foam support).
I started thinking of other materials that could work. Foam-Core and corrugated plastic “coroplast” panels were one idea but I didn’t think the rigidity would be a good match for the soft bag. While doing a winter garage cleanout I came across some big blocks of PE foam from a bicycle packing box. That stuff is a good compromise between rigidity and “give”. It is often a laminated material formed into blocks from 1/8″ sheets, or solid blocks, which are often assembled into other shapes, or cut to form-fit an application. Places like ULine carry it, and I am sure you can get it cheaper elsewhere.
This material cuts beautifully with a large razor knife at full extension. Any long, sharp, thin blade would be good. If you have the laminated material you can often separate it at a seam with with your hands and maybe a little cutting.
Then came the issue of bonding. I saw a few YouTube videos and one of them compared contact cement and hot glue. Hot glue looked like a good option.
IT IS NOT A GOOD OPTION!!! It makes a mess and you will be sorry you tried it. I am a bit of a grinder so I stuck with it and use it for my whole build. Don’t be me. Both contact cement and hot glue are bad options compared to hot-air bonding. You have a hot air gun for things like heat-shrink tubing? Good. Use that. Don’t have one? Get the cheapest gun that doesn’t fall apart when you look at it wrong, like the Harbor Freight gun, and use that.
Here’s another great thing about the heat gun approach. It’s great for cleaning up cut edges, any ratty sections where you had to separate or had a mistake cut, and turning a rough edge into a nice smooth one. If you get too enthusiastic you will melt through it, but blowing hot air over the surface and maybe smoothing it out with a finger is a nice way to get a cleaner finished result.
BUILD THE DAM THING ALREADY!!!
Now, on to some photos of my actual build! You knew we would get to it eventually. Thanks for hanging in there. Treat yourself to a healthy snack or just stress-eat a sleeve of graham crackers chased with a Frappuchino. Whatever. You’re great.
My Kata 3in1-20 Camera Bag
With both a radios mounted in the bag you can see how they sit in a good position. They are low enough to be protected when I close the flap, but I can still access them easily. There are a few issues. One is the IC-705 tuning dial is a little close to the flap. Another is the access to the FT-817ND front antenna connector. Also the power button on the 817 can be a little tricky. I can solve most of this by using a thinner diving panel between the radios and shifting the 705 a little to the left. I built a short jumper from LMR-240UF to get the IC-705 antenna connection into a better spot. It’s much better (not a loss magnet and SWR burglar) than those BNC Right Angle adapters. I connect the uplink coax directly to the 718ND.
You can see how the compartment extends under the Cordura on the left, so there is about 2″ of foam over there. The main compartment zippers almost completely open so I was able to insert it without bending the heck out of it.
Radios Mounted in the Bag
To build the foam support I just made a measure of the interior dimensions of the compartment, then positioned the radios, and mocked up PE foam blocks to get the radios to the correct height and spacing. Once I was happy with that I got to work with the hot glue (tragic, but it worked). The details are a channel for the IC-705 power cable, access to the 817’s power connector, and a recess to neaten
up the wiring harness.
Top View of the Foam MonstrosityBottom View with Harness
On the 705 I use that BNC extension for the antenna and a short headphone extension with a right angle male to straight female connector. The mic connector I use is an Inrad Yaesu Modular Adapter, or a Yaesu AD-1-YM.
Business Side of the 705
My power supply is a homebrew 8Ah LiFePO4 battery. I built it a few years ago following the OH6STN build video. It’s four Headway “Tesla Cells” in a 4S configuration with a 30A BMS. It fits cleanly in the top compartment of the bag and I can pass the power cable and connector through the zippered divider. Yes, this bag is full of zippers!
LiFePO4 BatteryPower Cable to bottom of main compartment
One of the best purchases I made for my power needs is a Bioenno BPC-1503CAR DC-DC charger. I snipped the automotive “cigarette lighter” plug and put Anderson Powerpoles on it, and I use it to maintain my two LiFePO4 batteries. I put a distribution block in the power harness so I can charge without disconnecting the radios, or power an accessory without needed to modify the harness.
Bioenno BPC-1503CAR charger in action. It will deliver 3A max during charging. I’ve used it mobile in my VHF Rover setup.
So that’s how it all came together. I will probably build another insert but for now it is getting the job done. Here’s a shot of the rig while I am operating.
FPV! (just after a pass when I was shutting off the 705’s recorder)
My home has this odd feature of a rooftop deck! Here’s a bonus of a deck image showing my little window to the northeast, allowing me to work some of those low RS-44 passes toward Europe. RF Noise can be an issue (Solar inverters, lights, houses…) so even though my horizon is only about 2-degrees it is not the best spot. But it’s super convenient and I can be QRV in just a minute or two.
View from the Crow’s Nest
I hope this has been helpful, and maybe edutational! If you have questions or comments you can leave them in the comments or drop me an email.
I took the plunge into operating the amateur radio linear satellites a few weeks back and it has been a fantastic experience. My plan here on the blog is to share a few “blow by blow” accounts about what worked and what didn’t, what I have improved and how, and what’s next.
Phase One – Get on The Air
I’m a fan of “shack-in-a-box” radios so I already had the basic equipment necessary to operate on a linear-transponder LEO satellite. I used my Yaesu FT991A for the uplink, and my Icom IC705 on the downlink. Using the IC705 on receive made sense because the display on the IC705 is better, it has a built-in audio recorder, and it has options for things like bluetooth audio if I wanted wireless RX via earbuds, etc… I had to configure my station so I could manage two radios and point the antenna. I arranged the rigs so I could sit in front of them (I’m not hanging a 991A around my neck) and reach the tripod to point the antenna. I have a Heil Proset6 which I have used on the 991A so I had a wired solution for audio. I was not comfortable enough with the function of my internal “Profanity Suppression Module” (aka PSM) to use VOX, so I used the HEIL PTT trigger switch. This tied up my hands but I was mostly interested in tracking the satellite and finding the downlink.
The antenna I use is an Arrow II, Initially I mounted it to a photo tripod so I could have some kind of sanity while I figured things out. It helped. I was able to track the bird and didn’t have much polarization-related fading. The Arrow is two antennas sharing a common boom, so there are two feedpoints. I purchased mine with the optional duplexer which turned out to be a good thing even if I am not using it as a duplexer. It can serve as a 2M Low-Pass Filter for 2M uplink, or a 70cm high pass filer, by only using half of the duplexer.
I also have a ELK L5 LPDA that I have used often on VHF rover operations, fixed, and handheld. The Elk is a nice fit on the 991A for simplex operation because you don’t need a duplexer as long as you are working one band at a time To work full duplex I would need to split the feed with a duplexer, and I am not confident about noise rejection with both radios on a common feedpoint.
That equipment made up Phase 1: two radios, hand mic, headphones, antenna on a tripod, iPad running GoSatWatch, and the appropriate page out of KE0PBR’s Satellite Cheat Sheet on a clipboard. That is a lot to manage at one time, especially while teaching myself how an inverting linear transponder works and how to operate through it. But those are the pieces-parts and I made exactly one QSO on a RS-44 pass on October 27th 2022. That first contact was not pretty but it did let me get my feet wet. I collected my thoughts and set up for the following pass and made seven contacts! I think that is still my best QSO/Pass figure.
Once Phase 1 got rolling, I knew I needed to assemble a portable setup if I wanted to work sats on a regular basis. My home has a “crow’s nest” feature where I can walk up stairs to a small deck mounted on the roof. That’s a very good operating position and is also where I set up my portable V/U antennas for terrestrial operations. The downside is I don’t have a great horizon due to structures and trees. If I want a clear horizon I need to travel. Also, the setup/teardown for the 991A/705/camp table/tripod… is not practical. The good news is I was very close to having a portable solution. Yay.
Phase Two – Portable Ops
One very common portable satellite station is a pair of Yaesu FT-817/818 radios (aka the FT-1634) in some sort of camera bag, and a few accessories to assist the operator. In my case I already have the deluxe option of the Icom IC705, and all I needed was a second rig. FT-817NDs are not too expensive so I began looking for one. I found a clean FT-817ND on QRZ.com for about $400 and got busy with the station-assembly phase. As an avid amateur photographer and I have a small collection of camera bags. The one that I settled on is a KATA 3N1-20 backpack/sling bag. Frankly, it was horrible for photography use and it has sat around unused for over 10 years. For radio purposes it is almost ideal!
It has a large top compartment, while the main compartment has identical zippered access flaps on both sides of the bag. The symmetry of the bag means I can set it up to have full access to the rig fronts on one side, and full access to the rear on the other side, along with battery storage in the top lid. I used lots of “pluck apart” foam block to support and position the radios and built a simple fused power splitter to deliver 13.8v to both radios. The power harness is made from a factory IC705 power cable, plus some good 16ga zip-cord, and fitted it all with Anderson Powerpole connectors.
For antenna connections I use a BNC pigtail to create strain relief and improve access to the IC705 antenna connector, and am building one for the 817ND. On the audio side I raided my parts bin and found a cheapie 3.5mm extension with a right-angle on one end to extend the headphone jack. On the 817ND I have the Heil AD-1-YM adapter fitted. Those give me the two connections I need to get audio to and from my Heil Proset 6. I’m running the 817ND in VOX mode now and rarely do I have a PSM glitch 🙂
I love to build cables so I started off by making a set of 70-inch (1.7m) cables to reach from the Arrow II feedpoints to the radio. I actually staggered the lengths to compensate for the feedpoint locations so they terminate at about the same point. I used RG-8X to start with since it is cheap, I have it, and it would be good enough. Once I have the station dialed in I will make new jumpers with LMR-240-UF. I might use some double-shield RG-58 style cable for the pigtails. Having a flexible section of cable at rig is a good way to save wear and tear on the rig connectors. I also have to switch cables to switch modes as the 817ND is dedicated to uplink work.
At this point I have a very good portable LEO station with the advantage of the IC705 on RX. That gives me things like built-in audio recorder, easy/excellent filtering and preamp controls, and a waterfall display to watch for my signal and others while operating. I have seen at least one ham running a pair of IC705’s but that is something I will think about for Phase III. The main advantage would be not having to switch antenna feeds when moving from a V/U bird to a U/V bird, and having the duplication of accessories and connectors. Maybe one day…
Practical Issues
Once I started using the 817ND/IC705 pair I was hearing/seeing a rise in the 70cm RX noise floor when I transmitted on 2M (U/V Mode B, used on RS-44), especially on voice peaks. My initial suspicions were RF in the power feed or the headphone cable, or a third harmonic spur from the 817ND. Putting chokes on the power and headphone cables was good for peace of mind, and may have helped a little (noise reduction?), but it didn’t solve the problem. I will post a more complete description of the issue later, but the 3rd harmonic of 146Mhz is 438Mhz. And dang if I couldn’t just tune to 438 and see that signal clear and loud! Ugh.
Thus began a shakedown and testing program to either knock down the spurious signal or keep the third harmonic out of the 435MHz receive rig. My tools are the Arrow II duplexer, a Micro Circuits BLP-300+ LPF, and a HobbyPCB 2M bandpass filter. The best solution at first was using the Arrow II duplexer, connecting the common end to the radio and the 2M side to the 2M feedpoint. I installed a military surplus 5W BNC dummy load on the 435 side to keep things tidy in RF land. It’s not a bad solution, though I am thinking of building a high(er) performance 2M LPF that fits in the boom handle the way the Arrow duplexer does. I haven’t eliminated all of the crosstalk yet but a few changes have helped such as turning off the preamp on the IC705 and holding the antenna further from the radio while operating. I also assigned the BK-IN button on the IC705 to switch the preamp on/off so I can easily switch it while I operate. After initially using the duplexer as a LPF I am now using the Mini-Circuits BLP-300+. One reason is it makes the ARROW II much lighter and easier to point during a long pass, plus I found a cheap one on evilBay. It was actually a pull from a retired Piper aircraft! The standard choice for a LPF in this setup is the BLP-200+, and I have one ordered. We’ll see how that goes. The BLP-300+ only gives me about 38dB of attenuation at 438MHz, but it does help. I’m also not convinced that I don’t also have near-field RF from the 817ND.
Working Portable Solution
As of today the dust has settled and I am running the FT-817ND as my uplink rig, and the IC705 as the downlink rig, Heil PS6 headset, and an Arrow II with a Micro Circuits BLP-300+ low pass filter on the 2M side. I am using VOX with the headset plugged in to the IC705 audio output and the mic into the Heil adapter.
So far I have made 73 contacts to 57 unique stations in 52 grids (41 confirmed), and feel like I am just scratching the surface.
My North American gridsquares worked as of November 14, 2022
Even with some bugs to work out I am able to operate on linear LEOs and my skills are growing with every pass. I owe a huge debt to the amateur satellite community for their resources and support. The operator resources provided by AMSAT are valuable and motivational, and the community on Twitter, the Groups.io FT817 group, and YouTube, are a veritable master class in LEO equipment and operation. See a future post for a resource listing and more complete shout-outs.
I’ll close by saying I have not been as focused or obsessed over a ham radio project for a very long time. This is proving to be yet another collision of readiness and ability in my life. My fondness for VHF+, weak signal, portable operations has me right where I need to be. The fact that I have two HF+6+2+70 “shack in a box” radios made the initial foray into satellites possible. An understanding spouse has made it possible to make a concerted run at making this setup work in about three weeks of focused effort. See you on the birds! 73
The current explosion of HF weak signal mode users, coalescing primarily around FT8/FT4, has caused a bit of a rift in the ham community. I don’t think the rift is that big, but the rifters are pretty vocal in telling other hams how much they don’t belong on the air.
I intended to formulate a Pro/Con list, but I don’t want this to be a contest (or con-test). I also don’t want to explore the negatives. Plenty of people are doing that 24/7 and somehow seem to enjoy (?) it. This is a list of things that make each type of communication interesting and unique (for me). I’d rather look at it that way because that is how I feel about it. I want to enjoy all that ham radio has to offer. That requires being open to what is positive about every opportunity.
So here’s what I find attractive about FT8-style* operation:
The Analog Internet Nexus. In conjunction with PSKReporter, RBN, and tools like GridTracker, it provides a near-real-time propagation indicator. I can set up for a few CQs, check PSKReporter, and see where I am being heard, with my relative S/N. Along with showing me where I might expect a reply, it gives me an idea of the difference between what I am hearing and who might be hearing me.
Instant and visual split operation.WSJT-X makes setting split very easy, but only if you use the waterfall display. (I believe many users don’t, causing that crowding between 1300-1800hz). Shift-Click to position your transmit frequency in a different spot, and get out of the pileup of stations calling on the CQing station’s transmit frequency. Since WSJT-X decodes the entire bandpass, you can test this at will. 10 minutes with the WSJT-X manual will improve the experience 100x.
Constant Global Activity. It’s pretty shocking, actually. Day after day if I just looked at the CW or Phone sections of the HF bands they may look dead, or occupied mostly by big signals. Often there is a big hump on say 20m at 14.074MHz. In my experience it is unprecedented to have this type of activity acting as a global beacon. These digital segments are in use at all hours of the day and when the band opens those ops will be there.
Built for Low Power Ops. Being able to work down to -24dB is a great equalizer for lower power stations on less-than-spectacular antennas. I see all kinds of amazed reactions from mostly newer hams on QRP-focused boards like the Icom IC705 FB group, and I can only imagine how amazed they will be when actual good band conditions start arriving. I’ve worked 10,000km on 10W into a basic vertical antenna on FT8, during conditions like SF=75, SSN=15! No solar tailwind there. For reasons I will get into somewhere else, a non-directional antenna is really only sending a tiny slice of its output toward the other station. Being able to work deep into the noise floor makes the most of that tiny slice.
Perfect for casual operating. Letting WSJT-X decode while I am making dinner, or doing other chores, lets me come back and see what stations are in play at my station, on my gear, at what strength. I can take 15 minutes, scan the waterfall, and either chase a few stations or find a spot to call CQ. Obviously I can also do this for hours, but if I only have small gaps to focus on the radio I can still make contacts this way.
Good operating practices are rewarded. Far from being a “robot mode” FT8 gives the operator a lot of information if they are willing to look for it. It allows you to scan for momentary openings, dig out weaker signals, find opportunities to use split, and otherwise be creative with the information presented by the waterfall and the decode window. I recently made a few contacts to JA from Rhode Island with stations that showed up for less than 5 minutes, and then faded out. Tools like GridTracker and JTAlert let you watch for those stations in real time. I’ve come close to working deep into northern Canada (VE8) in this same manner. I’ve also seen the big Saudi or Kenyan stations about 20 times and never made the contact. Surfing the waves of fading/swelling conditions is a technique I learned on CW over 25 years ago.
*FT8-style means computer-assisted digital modes, like RTTY, even. 2FSK is still FSK, folks. Get over yourselves.
OK, that was a rollercoaster of unbridled optimism. I’ll now make similar points for analog modes:
The experience of listening to radio is one of life’s great joys. The key word is listening. I like quality in a QSO. Rarity and quantity have never been my game. I enjoy finding and working DX, but have never applied for or sought any awards. Listening to a quiet band for a weak but copyable signal (usually CW) just above the noise, replying to a CQ, and having a QSO (no matter how short or perfunctory) is a real pleasure. I’m not too hung up on where that other station is.
The Social Component. I have worked plenty of stations, mostly SSB, where the QSO is call, report, name, QTH, and 73. Nothing wrong with that. It’s not much more of a proof of concept than a FT8 contact, but you are making verbal/code contact. Neat. Occasionally though I end up in a real rag chew, with a personable operator, and it is a great experience. I have to make sure I am in no hurry, because I have had a few that ran for a long time. That is ham radio delivering on what I would call the classic roots: Two or more operators having a chat. Lovely.
A true leisure activity. My process of slowly scanning a section of a band, giving even the weakest signal a chance, tweaking my rig’s controls in an attempt to pull that signal out of the noise… it takes time. I might make one contact in an hour. I might make none. I have done some salmon fishing, and it is similar. My salmon fishing mantra is “it’s fishing, not shopping”. If you don’t enjoy the process of fishing you will be having a lot of bad days. If you have a catch, that’s great, but you are still fishing.
Skill Development. The skills necessary to operate successfully on the ham bands are still best, IMO, cultivated with analog operation. Just the habits of ensuring your frequency is clear, or listening to and identifying neighboring stations, or learning the band plan and using it… they pay off whether you are talking to someone on 2M simplex 500 yards away, or making an APRS contact through the ISS, or bouncing a signal off the moon. It might be analogous to driving stick shift. I think you get a better learning experience when you engage the fundamentals as completely as possible.
So that’s a quick, stream of thought run through of how I see the allure of both “new school” and “old school” ham radio. It’s all out there to be done, and it’s all good. I hope to see or hear you on the bands. Pete N1QDQ
Preface: I am planning on creating some posts addressing this in a more technical fashion. This is not a comprehensive tech essay full of footnotes. You either know what this is about or you don’t. For now I am sharing this brain dump addressed to all amateur radio operators. We find ourselves in a unique circumstance where great changes have occurred over a long period of low solar activity, and we are now emerging with some very real social turbulence in the ham radio ranks. I think it is useful to take a broad view of this pursuit, this service, and reflect on how we have moved forward, and how we can continue to move forward. 73, Pete N1QDQ
Let’s travel back to the heady days of 2010, when a new ham radio sensation called PSK31 was “taking over the ham bands”. It allowed users with less than massive transmitters and antennas to make reliable keyboard to keyboard contacts on HF. It wasn’t perfect. Many ops ran too much power, or had overdriven signals, or both, and the small stations had a bit of work to do to get through a QSO. The spectrum slices being used were narrow/cramped, and it didn’t take much to interfere with another op. You pretty much had to be on the same frequency/offset as the other station (not reliable in split mode) or it didn’t work, and a big wooly signal would wipe out a quarter of the subband. The advantage was that it took up about a tenth of the spectrum of a RTTY signal, and was more power-efficient. It also allowed many more operators to share the same slice of spectrum. As is the case today it was also a reason for the “big gun” stations to sneer down their noses and tell “lesser’ operators how they were killing ham radio.
FFW to today, and we are in much of the same predicament with a newer mode called FT8. It is even more flexible than PSK31, works at even lower signal to noise ratios, and is implemented primarily through one application called WSJT-X. It does not support anything much beyond the bare bones exchange of callsign, location and signal report. That makes sense since the suite of modes associated with Joe Taylor K1JT, Steve Franke, K9AN, and a cadre of experimenters was developed for very weak signal operations like Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) and Meteor Scatter. It turns out some of these modes, specifically FT8 and FT4, are very robust over traditional HF frequencies and propagation modes. And yet, despite allowing a large number of contacts over a small slice of spectrum, with lower power, and lower s/n ratios, FT8 users are again subject to ridicule by keepers of the mid-20th century technology flame. This extends to purposeful QRM, sneering memes about how FT8 ops are not real hams, how their QSOs don’t count, how it is “cheating”, and so on. Even as predictable as it is, it puts the ugly side of the “friendliest hobby” at the forefront of the much needed conversations around how our spectrum allocations are utilized, and how they will be used going forward.
Which is a shame, because these computer-controlled weak signal modes on the HF bands are nothing if not entirely consistent with the traditions of ham radio, and the central thesis of evolving to incorporate new technology as it emerges. The integration of existing and new technologies into radio communication is the hallmark of ham radio. What began as the transmission of Morse Code (tech adapted from the wired telegraph industry) using a spark gap transmitter, quickly evolved to a continuous-wave (CW) transmission based on the implementation of the vacuum triode as a tunable oscillator and amplifier. The spark-gap blasted RF across a big slice of RF spectrum. CW turned that on its head and allowed for more efficient narrow-band communications. Suddenly there was more room for more operators to communicate with less power over longer distances.
When modulated carrier audio came into being, it was double-sideband full carrier amplitude modulation, or AM. This is what we hear when we listen to the AM broadcast band. It takes a lot of power to generate that signal, and it also takes up a lot of spectrum. As the need arose for more efficient communications modes (portable equipment, lower power requirements, covering greater distances) it was found you could do away with the carrier (which was the reference frequency for the audio sidebands) and then one of the two sidebands. Thus Single Side-Band (SSB) was created. By giving the receiver the necessary oscillators to rebuild the audio information, the transmission could be made using much less power. This mode relied on the many improvements to vacuum tube technology, including miniaturization, lower power circuitry, and the use of multiple oscillators in new configurations. These fundamental modes of radio communication, data and audio, integrated new technology as it appeared, and hams were pivotal in their widespread adoption. As well, hams were pivotal in the development of new modes of radio communication based on these principles. They were, as now, radio experimenters. They were doing for free what governments were doing under much less liberated circumstances.
Radio technology eagerly adopted every advance in electronics tech, from vacuum tube minaturization, to the semiconductor, the integrated circuit, the standardization of component packaging, and then the microprocessor. Microprocessors were a natural fit for radio communications because they can manipulate control voltages and logic states at a blinding pace. The earliest and slowest microprocessors were adding communications capabilities beyond the analog realm. It also turned out you could emulate an oscillator with a microprocessor. Even at audio frequencies this was a giant leap for oscillator miniaturization and stability. Once these microprocessors were integrated into computing platforms, handling user input, program code execution, data storage, and data output, the modern era of computer/radio hybridization was in play.
It is simple enough to state that a radio station operating without some form of semiconductor and microprocessor technology is indeed a rarity. I know of no hams who are aching to go back to drifty oscillators and inefficient transmitters. Yes, that gear is still in use by a few stations, but I’ll bet each one has a modern rig right next to it. While modern technology has come to dominate the scene, all of the historical phases of electronics technology still have a place in the pursuit of radio communications (ok, maybe not spark gap). The fundamentals of radio still apply regardless of the technology.
So I ask, earnestly: How did this illustrious, enjoyable, and diverse pursuit of technology applied to radio communication become beholden to gatekeepers who selectively decide which modern technology is appropriate, and which they believe makes one a “fake ham”? It is almost universally the cry of hams who are “fortunate” enough to have a tower(s) supporting a big directional antenna(s) fed by a kilowatt(s) of RF, using modes established in the WWII era, who demand that they be crowned the gatekeepers of What Is Correct.
The facts are decidedly at odds with their position. If they were in any way in the majority it would be reflected in radio equipment sales and development. I believe the “average” ham has a somewhat modern 100W transceiver with a simple antenna, and a few helpful accessories. Additionally, they own a computer, which has become not only extremely cheap, but extremely effective. Somehow, in the middle of a deep and prolonged solar minimum, the airwaves are increasingly being used by many low power stations using compromised antennas, often with portability in mind. One reason this has been possible has been the development of modes like FT8. When you can run a 1-30W transceiver into a $20 homebrew end-fed wire, controlled by a $50 Raspberry Pi “toy” computer, and make a contact 10,000 miles away, it opens up the accessibility of radio communication in a myriad of ways. I made my first JA contact from my new QTH using 35W into a wire vertical, and FT8. It’s just as valid as any other contact.
I agree that the FT8 QSO is not very satisfying from a “chat about the weather and your radio” perspective. But let’s be honest, a typical CW conversation is name, location, rig, antenna, and brief weather observation. It’s fun. I love it. But it isn’t exactly deep bonding going on there. FT8 is giving the user more of a “contest mode” QSO. Being that it is good enough for the biggest stations in the world, as long as an actual contest is afoot (every weekend, #jussayin), why is it less appropriate in weak signal work? Maybe it’s has to do with the fear of losing status? Maybe it’s the need to ensure that kilowatt stations using 80 year old tech continue to dominate the way hams use their HF spectrum allocations in the 21st century? I can understand it, objectively, though I have not been able to assemble that kind of station. I also understand bullies. All too well. Ham radio needs to face up to the fact that it has a bully problem.
Unless you have been under a rock you know that every slice of the radio frequency spectrum is being eyed by some monied interest somewhere across the globe. Each time you see a nation kick their amateurs off an allocation it should raise an alarm. One would think the response of established spectrum users would be to promote increased usage and improved spectrum efficiency. It is counterintuitive to act as if relying more heavily on old tech is some kind of hedge against spectrum loss. I also fear that hams hold themselves to a standard that is not recognized outside of ham culture. An objective survey of the HF allocations would hear a small segment of intense activity in the bottom 100KHz, and then a lot of SSB voice spread out across the rest of the allocation.
My purpose here is to begin a conversation not end one. This is the scenery as I see it, from my perspective as a ham who has held an Extra Class license for almost all of my 27+ years of ham-life. I am often operating portable equipment, often at QRP or slightly higher power levels. I try to enjoy all that ham radio has to offer. I like HF QRP CW, as well as digital modes, as well as VHF/UHF contesting, as well as SSB, and SWL, and applied electronics concepts, and so on. I feel that there is a disturbing social pushback on the current practices and adaptations many hams have made in the era of condo rules, suburban/urban constraints, restricted public space access, and accommodating family and work life, by a small population of operators who don’t share those constraints. All of the tools available to hams have a place. And it is a great credit to hams everywhere that there is a general respect for gentleman’s agreements and international spectrum guidance. What I hope we see as this next solar cycle heats up is not just continued cooperation, but greatly enhanced cooperation. There is room for everyone, and every facet of the hobby. There has to be. The alternative is unimaginable, avoidable, loss.
Endnote: One piece of Amateur Radio News that spurred me to write this piece is this: FT8 Ruling The Airwaves from DXWorld.net. I believe it shows how a more efficient mode of communication increases the effectiveness of the power output on hand, and how attractive that is to many hams. I don’t think it is more complicated than that.
petebrunelli 